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Primary spontaneous pneumothorax (PSP) may be most cost-effectively managed by observation alone in the appropriate patient population.

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Hydrocortisone treatment for patients with severe community-acquired pneumonia was associated with reduced 28-day mortality and no increase in major adverse events.

Source
Hydrocortisone in Severe Community-Acquired Pneumonia. N Engl J Med. 2023 Mar 21. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2215145. Online ahead of print.

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Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is prevalent in hospitalized adults and is associated with higher odds of prolonged hospitalization and mechanical ventilation, particularly in patients with CHF and COPD.

Source
Prevalence and Clinical Outcomes of Respiratory Syncytial Virus versus Influenza in Adults Hospitalized with Acute Respiratory Illness from a Prospective Multicenter Study. Clin Infect Dis. 2023 Jan 24;ciad031. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciad031. Online ahead of print.

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Epinephrine administration via metered-dose inhaler (MDI) for the treatment of croup in children may be a safe and effective alternative to nebulization.

Source
Epinephrine metered-dose inhaler for pediatric croup. Acad Emerg Med. 2023 Feb;30(2):144-146. doi: 10.1111/acem.14616. Epub 2022 Dec 7.

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As compared with standard oxygen therapy, high flow oxygen was associated with increased length of hospital stay in pediatric patients with hypoxemic respiratory failure.

Source
Effect of Early High-Flow Nasal Oxygen vs Standard Oxygen Therapy on Length of Hospital Stay in Hospitalized Children With Acute Hypoxemic Respiratory Failure: The PARIS-2 Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2023;329(3):224-234.

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In patients presenting with angioedema, history of hypertension, shortness of breath, drooling, and anterior tongue or pharyngeal swelling were risk factors predicting eventual need for intubation.

Source
Clinical predictors of endotracheal intubation in patients presenting to the emergency department with angioedema. Am J Emerg Med. 2023 Jan;63:44-49. doi: 10.1016/j.ajem.2022.10.017. Epub 2022 Oct 19.

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Corticosteroid use was associated with a prevention of progression to mechanical ventilation among inpatients with community acquired pneumonia (CAP), but it had no association with the primary outcome of mortality.

Source
Effect of corticosteroids on mortality and clinical cure in community-acquired pneumonia: A systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression of randomized control trials. Chest. 2022 Sep 7;S0012-3692(22)03705-9. doi: 10.1016/j.chest.2022.08.2229. Online ahead of print.

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Doxycycline is an accessible and effective option to treat both typical and atypical bacteria that may cause community acquired pneumonia (CAP).

Source
Efficacy of Doxycycline for Mild-to-moderate Community-acquired Pneumonia in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Clin Infect Dis. 2022 Jul 29;ciac615. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciac615. Online ahead of print.

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Despite decades of research on adjunctive interventions, the core of bronchiolitis therapy remains supportive care for work of breathing, hypoxemia, and hydration.

Source
Bronchiolitis. Lancet. 2022 Jul 30;400(10349):392-406. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(22)01016-9. Epub 2022 Jul 1.

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Occult hypoxemia occurred more often in Black than White inpatients. Is 92% SpO2 actually 87% SaO2?

Source
Racial bias and reproducibility in pulse oximetry among medical and surgical inpatients in general care in the Veterans Health Administration 2013-19: multicenter, retrospective cohort study. BMJ. 2022 Jul 6;378:e069775. doi: 10.1136/bmj-2021-069775.