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Azelastine nasal spray used three times daily for 56 days significantly reduced PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infections versus placebo.
Source
Azelastine Nasal Spray for Prevention of SARS-CoV-2 Infections: A Phase 2 Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Intern Med. 2025 Sep 2:e254283. doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2025.4283. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 40892398; PMCID: PMC12406145.
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Pediatric nirmatrelvir-ritonavir recipients had significantly shorter times to viral clearance, fever resolution, and symptom recovery, with no increase in adverse events or difference in mortality.
Source
Paxlovid for the treatment of severe or critical COVID-19 in children. BMC Pediatr. 2025 Jul 2;25(1):493. doi: 10.1186/s12887-025-05807-1. PMID: 40597122
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Children with underlying conditions (i.e. chronic lung disease, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, neurologic disorders) are more likely to have severe outcomes with COVID-19 infection, especially if not up to date with vaccination.
Source
Hospitalization for COVID-19 and Risk Factors for Severe Disease Among Children: 2022-2024. Pediatrics. 2025 Jul 3. doi: 10.1542/peds.2025-072788. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 40604359
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To reduce hospitalizations of patients with mild to moderate COVID, treat with nirmatrelvir-ritonavir or remdesivir. To shorten the duration of COVID symptoms, azithroycin, favipiravir, molnupiravir, umifenovir, or corticosteroids may help, but they are not standard of care.
Source
Drug treatments for mild or moderate covid-19: systematic review and network meta-analysis. BMJ. 2025 May 29;389:e081165. doi: 10.1136/bmj-2024-081165. PMID: 40441732
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More severe lung POCUS (L-POCUS) findings were associated with a higher risk of developing hypoxia, though this association was not strong across any scoring threshold.
Source
Sensitivity of Lung Point-of-Care Ultrasound (POCUS) to Predict Oxygen Requirements in Emerging Viral Infections. J Ultrasound Med. 2025 Jan 21. doi: 10.1002/jum.16647. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 39835699
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There was a strong association with lower mortality and hospitalization in high-risk patients with COVID-19 who were treated with either nirmatrelvir/ritonavir or molnupiravir.
Source
Nirmatrelvir or Molnupiravir Use and Severe Outcomes From Omicron Infections. JAMA Netw Open. 2023 Sep 5;6(9):e2335077. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.35077.
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Modified dose nirmaltrevir-ritonavir is well-tolerated in patients with CKD as therapy for mild COVID-19 and effectively suppresses viral load.
Source
Safety Profile and Clinical and Virological Outcomes of Nirmatrelvir-Ritonavir Treatment in Patients With Advanced Chronic Kidney Disease and Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Clin Infect Dis. 2023 Aug 2:ciad371. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciad371. Epub ahead of print.
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Infants who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 were less likely to have UTI, bacteremia, and bacterial meningitis.
Source
Prevalence of Urinary Tract Infection, Bacteremia, and Meningitis Among Febrile Infants Aged 8 to 60 Days With SARS-CoV-2. JAMA Netw Open. 2023 May 1;6(5):e2313354. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.13354.
Spoon Feed —
We try really hard to spoon feed you good information that is scientifically accurate. We need to discuss the nuances of masking related to COVID and other respiratory viral illnesses.
Source
Jefferson T, Dooley L, Ferroni E, Al-Ansary LA, van Driel ML, Bawazeer GA, Jones MA, Hoffmann TC, Clark J, Beller EM, Glasziou PP, Conly JM. Physical interventions to interrupt or reduce the spread of respiratory viruses. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2023 Jan 30;1(1):CD006207. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD006207.pub6.
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A few notable demographic differences in critically ill children with influenza or COVID-19 were observed—influenza patients were younger, while COVID patients were more likely to be Black, Hispanic, and were more likely to be obese; a majority of both cohorts had one or more underlying medical condition.
Source
Life-Threatening Complications of Influenza vs Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in US Children. Clin Infect Dis. 2023 Feb 8;76(3):e280-e290. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciac477.