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No single symptom or exam finding definitively diagnoses pediatric concussion, but mental fog, light/noise sensitivity, nausea, and oculomotor abnormalities meaningfully increase likelihood, while absence of headache decreases it.
Source
Does This Child Have a Concussion?: The Rational Clinical Examination Systematic Review. JAMA. 2026 Apr 6. doi: 10.1001/jama.2026.1233. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 41941197.
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Sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) in athletes varies by age, sex, race and sport played; regardless of the factors, however, proper screening and emergency action plans are paramount in survivability. Recent trends support return to play post-SCA after individualized risk assessment and management in athletes.
Source
Sudden Cardiac Arrest in Athletes. N Engl J Med. 2026 Jan 15;394(3):268-280. doi: 10.1056/NEJMra2312555. PMID: 41534044.
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After 48 hours of brain rest, moderate recreational screen time may support better psychological recovery post-concussion compared to restrictive or excessive use.
Source
Effects of Screen Time Use on Psychological Symptoms in Adolescents Following Concussion. J Neurotrauma. 2025 Sep 30. doi: 10.1177/08977151251385568. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 41027657.
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This 2×2 RCT found early activity and behavioral management did not benefit children with concussion beyond usual care, though adherence was poor.
Source
Impact of Early Activity and Behavioral Management on Acute Concussion Recovery: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Pediatr. 2025 Apr 18:114596. doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2025.114596. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 40254050
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This BMJ guideline strongly recommends against commonly used interventional procedures for non-cancer chronic spine pain due to low evidence of benefit and notable risks and burdens.
Source
Commonly used interventional procedures for non-cancer chronic spine pain: a clinical practice guideline. BMJ. 2025 Feb 19;388:e079970. doi: 10.1136/bmj-2024-079970. PMID: 39971339
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This summarizes current evidence-based care for sports-related concussion and persistent symptoms of concussion. Complete rest is out, and mild-to-moderate aerobic activity is in.
Source
Leddy JJ. Sport-Related Concussion. N Engl J Med. 2025 Jan 30;392(5):483-493. doi: 10.1056/NEJMcp2400691. PMID: 39879594.
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The sensitivity of pre-screenings for cardiac disease that predisposes to sudden cardiac death (SCD) in athletes remains low, but emergency action plans used for secondary prevention of SCD effectively increases survival after cardiac arrest in an athlete.
Source
A contemporary review of sudden cardiac arrest and death in competitive and recreational athletes. Lancet. 2024 Nov 30;404(10468):2209-2222. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(24)02086-5. PMID: 39616000
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This reviews the purpose and components of preparticipation sports physical evaluations (PPE) in adolescent athletes and considerations for female, gender-diverse, and para- athletes.
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Preparticipation Sports Physical Evaluation in Adolescents. Prim Care. 2024 Dec;51(4):613-627. doi: 10.1016/j.pop.2024.05.004. Epub 2024 Jun 18. PMID: 39448098
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For adults with limited baseline walking/exercise who present with an episode of low back pain, introducing a walking program with education about back pain increases the time between back pain episodes and decreases how often they present to a healthcare provider.
Source
Effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of an individualized, progressive walking and education intervention for the prevention of low back pain recurrence in Australia (WalkBack): a randomized controlled trial. Lancet. 2024 Jul 13;404(10448):134-144. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(24)00755-4. Epub 2024 Jun 19. PMID: 38908392
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This new review summarizes the current evidence regarding diagnosis and management of mild TBI in children.
Source
Contemporary diagnosis and management of mild TBI (concussions): What you need to know. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2024 Jun 1;96(6):865-869. doi: 10.1097/TA.0000000000004297. Epub 2024 May 2. PMID: 38696496.